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Acid dyes
An acid dye is a dye, in chemical regard a sodium (less often–ammonium) salt of a sulfonic, carboxylic or phenol organic acid. Acid dye is soluble in water and possesses affinity for amphoteric fibers while lacking direct dyes' affinity for cellulose fibers. When dyeing, ionic bonding with fiber cationic sites accounts for fixation of colored anions in the dyed material. Acids are added to dyeing baths to increase the number of protonated amino-groups in fibers.

Acid dyes are made for dyeing wool, silk and nylon. These powdered dyes are intended for tub-dyeing yardage, yarns or clothing. You can use these dyes either on top of your stove or in a washing machine but they do require very hot water to work properly. Washing machines don't get as hot, but do maintain consistent time, temperature and agitation, yielding more consistent results. The only other thing needed is household white vinegar or a mild powdered acid like Citric which is actually more economical and eliminates the Vinegar smell.

Acid dyes are very economical, as they react fast, they exhaust well and the results are very permanent - light and wash fast! For tub dyeing wool, silk and nylon solid colors, this is the best dye. The end color depends on your temperature, how much dye you use, how long the fabric is in the dye, and how much fabric you have. Jacquard acid dye is non-toxic when handled properly. Common sense and good housekeeping should be used when handling any dye or chemical.









  • Structures

The chemistry of acid dyes is quite complex. Dyes are normally very large aromatic molecules consisting of many linked rings. Acid dyes usually have a sulfo or carboxy group on the molecule making them soluble in water. Water is the medium in which dyeing takes place. Most acid dyes are related in basic structure to the following:

Anthraquinone type:
Anthraquinone

Many acid dyes are synthesised from chemical intermediates which form anthraquinone-like structures as their final state. Many blue dyes have this structure as their basic shape. The structure predominates in the levelling class of acid dye.

Azo dyes: The structure of azo dyes is based on azobenzene, Ph-N=N-Ph (see right showing cis/ trans isomers) Although Azo dyes are a separate class of dyestuff mainly used in the dyeing of cotton (cellulose) fibers, many acid dyes have a similar structure, and most are red in color.

Triphenylmethane related:

Triphenylmethane

Acid dyes having structures related to triphenylmethane predominate in the milling class of dye. There are many yellow and green dyes commercially applied to fibers that are related to triphenylmethane.

Characters
Acid dyes are weak acidic in nature. It has a scary sound to some novices that seems to be due to strong caustic soda. But, in reality these dyes are non-caustic acids and in some cases, these are also non-toxics also. In fact in some cases mild acids like vinegar are used in the dyeing process. Some such mild acids are more toxic than the fiber reactive dyes and some are less toxic and even safer to eat.
  • Chemical Identification
  • Chemical Name : Acetamide
  • Molecular Formula: C2H5NO
  • Molecular Weight: 59.07
  • CAS Registry Number: 60-35-5
  • Chemical Structure
  • Other Names: Acetic Acid Amide, Acetamide Acid, Ethanamide

  • Classes of acid dyes


Equalising/levelling acid dyes: Highest level dyeing properties. Quite combinable in trichromatic shades. Relatively small molecule therefore high migration before fixation. Low wet fastness therefore normally not suited for apparel fabric.

Milling acid dyes: Medium to high wet fastness. Some milling dyes have poor light fastness in pale shades. Generally not combinable. Used as self shades only.

Metal complex acid dyes: More recent chemistry combined transition metals with dye precursors to produce metal complex acid dyes with the highest light fastness and wet fastness. These dyes are also very economical. They produce, however, duller shades.

NAME OF THE DYESTUFF C.I.NO.
ACID BLACK AB ACID BLACK 210
ACID BLACK 234 ACID BLACK 234
ACID BLACK MSRL ACID BLACK 194
ACID BLACK 172 ACID BLACK 172
ACID BLACK WA ACID BLACK 52
ACID BLACK 10BX ACID BLACK 1
ACID BLUE 92 ACID BLUE 92
ACID BLUE MTR ACID BLUE 193
ACID BLUE S 5 R ACID BLUE 113
ACID GREEN PXC ACID GREEN 1
ACID GREEN BS ACID GREEN 111
ACID GREEN 20 ACID GREEN 20
ACID RED 3BN ACID RED 131
ACID MAROON V ACID RED 119
ACID FAST RED A ACID RED 88
ACID RED SCARLET 3R ACID RED 18
ACID RED GRS ACID RED GRS
ACID RED RS ACID RED 114
ACID RED PG ACID RED PG
ACID RED 97 ACID RED 97
ACID BRLL.RD 10B ACID VIOLET 54
ACID YELLOW GR ACID YELLOW 99
ACID YELLOW 5GN ACID YELLOW 110
ACID ORANGE II ACID ORANGE 7
NAME OF THE DYESTUFF C.I. NO.
Yellow M3RL Yellow 194
Yellow 2GLN Yellow 59
Yellow GL Yellow 114
Yellow M5RL Yellow 204
Yellow RL Orange 80
Orange MRL Orange 142
Orange RL Orange 86
Scarlet ML Red 357
Red MBR Red 362
Red 2BL Red 219
Bordeax MB Violet (90)
Brown M2RL Brown 365
Brown MBL Brown 365
Brown 2RL Brown 45
Dark Blue MTR Blue 103
Orange G Orange 74
Violet Brown B Red 184
Pink BE Red 186
Blue 2G Blue 158
Black T Black 11